Plan to spend about 1.5 hour on hypothesis testing

1. STANDARD Test if coin is fair using exact Binomial test, and Z test (with continuity correction). The data are
   1. number of tosses is 100 and number of heads is 40
   2. number of tosses is 1000 and number of heads is 540
2. STANDARD In four experiment, the following distributions of DD, DN and NN genotypes were observed:
   1. 2 : 17 : 81
   2. 6 : 29 : 71
   3. 3 : 16 : 81
   4. 1 : 4 : 95
   For each of the experiments, first, use chi-squared test to see if the described samples are in HWE. Second, use exact test for HWE (available at http://ihg.gsf.de/cgi-bin/hw/hwa1.pl). Compare results from chi2 and exact test. Is there much difference? If yes, how can you explain it?
   
3. STANDARD In a study of trios allele G was transmitted to the cases 115 times while it was not transmitted 87 times. Is this a significant evidence that G is a susceptibility allele? Use exact Binomial test and LRT.
4. STANDARD In an association study, the following data were obtained for the cases: 18 DD, 140 ND and 442 NN. The distribution in controls was 13, 212 and 775, respectively. Test HWE in cases, controls, and pooled sample. Test for association using Armitage's trend test. Discuss results.